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t-minus ten nine eight remain engine

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start we have main engine start four

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whoa there she goes sts-48 ori dedicated

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entirely to life sciences research we

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were pioneers oh excuse me where are my

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manners

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let me introduce myself Ari jellyfish

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here Ari's short for Aurelia my family

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name

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we jellyfish go back five hundred

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million years you know I consider our

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finest hour

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the Columbia mission in June 1991 yep

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there were two thousand four hundred and

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seventy eight of us on that flight of

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course we were a lot smaller than just

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little polyps there was plenty of room

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until seven astronauts climbed aboard

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but we couldn't go anywhere without them

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oh sure it got a little crowded but we

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were glad to do it

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after all we were making history we were

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helping NASA learn more about living in

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space oh I know what you're saying and

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what's the big deal it looks easy

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floating around up there looks like a

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barrel of laughs but living in space is

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difficult in the early days of space

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travel there was so much we didn't know

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before humans traveled into space

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animals were sent while scientists

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checked their responses when the first

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animal space travelers returned to Earth

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they brought back enough information to

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safely send the astronauts into space

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but even when NASA sent John Glenn to

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orbit the earth in 1962 they still

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didn't know exactly how his body would

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react

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of course as more astronauts were sent

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up scientists learn more about the

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effects of space travel in relation to

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life sciences life sciences well

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basically that is the study of living

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things how they grow function and

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interact scientists knew that more

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research needed to be done in space and

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that's where I came in

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I was part of an important NASA study on

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the effects of microgravity a

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microgravity as the word scientists used

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to describe what happens to objects in a

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freefall orbit in other words they float

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let me explain here on earth we feel the

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effects of gravity almost everywhere you

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can experience a similar environment to

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microgravity if you go underwater like

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me unfortunately you can't stay

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underwater for long periods of time you

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can experience microgravity on a

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roller-coaster ride like this or train

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like the astronauts do and NASA's

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special training airplane the kc-135

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that flies up and down but the problem

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is that simulated microgravity only

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lasts 15 or 20 seconds in space

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microgravity lasts for as long as you're

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in orbit you drift all over the place

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and it's hard to tell if up is really up

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and down is really down so it's

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difficult to predict how body functions

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will react that's why scientists conduct

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experiments to learn more about

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microgravity when they decided to use

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jellyfish for the microgravity

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experiment everybody asked why jellyfish

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hey why not you know we are similar to

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you in a lot of ways and one of our best

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friends a scientist knew we were special

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and could contribute a lot to science

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dr. Dorothy Spangenberg is the real

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expert who made it all happen for us

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she's been hanging around with us for

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years

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she knows everything about me raised me

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from a little pollen dr. Spangenberg and

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her students worked with us for years

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before we actually flew in space

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she began her research more than two

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decades ago collecting us along the

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Texas coast and people from all around

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the world sent her different types of

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jellyfish to study that's why they call

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her the jellyfish lady and the more she

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learned about us the more she knew NASA

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could learn a lot from us because of our

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similarities to humans but you should

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hear this from someone who saw us in

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action

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dr. millie hughes-fulford thanks for the

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introduction airy

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hi my name is dr. Miller use broker I

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was a payload specialist on Space Lab

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life sciences I'm here today from the

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Monterey aquarium in minor in California

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for another team of researchers are

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learning more about jellyfish everyday

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jellyfish are among the simplest

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organisms but they have neurons are

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nerve cells similar to humans they have

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sensors called gravity receptors located

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in their arms that help them maintain

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their balance and know where they're

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going

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think of it as a built-in compass the

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gravity receptors tell them up this up

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and down is down humans have this - to

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help us maintain our balance there are

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gravity receptors located in our inner

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ear have you ever ridden an amusement

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park ride that spins you around when you

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get off you feel like you're going to

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fall down right that's because the

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motion affects your inner ear even after

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you stop moving fluids in your inner ear

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keep moving this makes you dizzy this

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type of motion sickness affects

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astronauts in space as well by learning

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more about the development and function

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of gravity receptors scientists hope to

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fight the effects of space sickness by

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sending jellyfish up in space we hope to

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find out if they would react differently

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in microgravity that on earth would they

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know up is up and down is down and there

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are even more ways jellyfish help us

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learn about living in space astronauts

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returning to earth also suffer from a

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calcium deficiency

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we need calcium to keep our bones strong

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extended calcium deficiency causes

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osteoporosis a bone disease and many gun

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diseases as well each jellyfish gravity

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receptor has a sack of calcium sulfate

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crystals Johnston's our inner ear has

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calcium containing crystals on SLS one

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we wondered if jellyfish would suffer a

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calcium deficiency - but these weren't

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the only reasons the jellyfish were

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chosen to fly with us it was their small

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size that made the difference we wanted

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a small animal we could study as it

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developed in space did you know that

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more than a hundred jellyfish polyps can

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fit on a dime the jellyfish is also

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easier to study because it develops and

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distinct individual phases from polyp to

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affero and finally to Medusa the type

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most commonly seen in the ocean it takes

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from six to eight days for a jellyfish

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polyp to develop into an adult defero

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and we know it takes nine months for a

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human baby to develop and about two

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years for baby elephant to develop into

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maturity can you imagine if we filled

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the orbiter with baby elephants for the

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study holy cow or should i say holy

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elephants what a mess we were certainly

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a lot easier to work with than baby

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elephants however we still needed

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special preparation for space travel we

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underwent months of training with the

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astronauts they studied our appearance

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and development so they would know just

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what to look for when we were in space

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and when launch day finally came we were

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ready of course I was back in the

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payload Bay to get a bird's-eye view of

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all the action let me introduce you to

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another member of the flight dr. Tammy

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Jernigan thanks Harry

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hi I'm dr. Tammy Jernigan I'm in the

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Space Lab trainer here at the Johnson

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Space Center in Houston Texas I was a

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mission specialist on SLS one

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coordinating all the payload operations

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carrying out the mission objectives in

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this case working with jellyfish when

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people travel in space we have to take

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our environment with us we have oxygen

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food and everything else we need to

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protect us from the elements of space

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when jellyfish travel in space they need

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to take their environment with them as

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well the jellyfish on board sos1

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were placed in specially prepared bags

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filled with saltwater and carried in an

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incubator to stabilize their environment

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just before we launched

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dr. Spangenberg and her students poured

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an iodine mixture into some of the bags

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to encourage the jellyfish's development

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after all this planning we wanted to be

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absolutely certain that the polyps would

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develop by the time sls one settled into

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orbit and we had begun our experiments

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the jellyfish had passed their first

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important test with flying colors they

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survived the launch proving a smaller

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organism can withstand the forces of

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liftoff to help the jellyfish polyps

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develop into a fire we added the iodine

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mixture to another group of jellyfish

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while we conducted experiments in the

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orbiter simultaneous research was taking

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place on the ground by dr. Spangenberg

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and her students the earth research is

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called the control a setup that doesn't

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have the variable being tested every

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experiment should have a control because

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it gives you something to compare your

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results against both groups of jellyfish

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were videotape as they swam in hopes of

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recording any changes in their movement

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or behavior one of the most exciting

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changes happened almost right away

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remember how the jellyfish used their

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arms to pulse up and float down to feed

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on earth in microgravity the jellyfish

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moved in circles but they were still

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able to pulse and swim easily in fact

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despite being in a microgravity

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environment

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the jellyfish polyps appeared to develop

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normally

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after nine days in orbit we began to

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prepare the jellyfish for the trip home

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one group was secured in the locker to

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be immediately studied after landing the

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second group was preserved in a special

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liquid to be studied and compared to the

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jellyfish used in dr. Spangenberg

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simultaneous earth experiment the

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information we gathered on SLS one will

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help us to learn how to fight the

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negative effects of space travel and

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paved the way for astronauts to stay in

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space for months or even years at a time

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pretty exciting right

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Airi you said it Tammy boy those nine

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days just flew by but this isn't the end

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of our story

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uh-uh once we landed dr Spangenberg

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spent more than a year studying and

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comparing us to our earthbound jellyfish

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and her results surprised everyone after

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swimming in circles in space some of us

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still swam a little funny after we

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returned to earth however most of us

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went back to our old ways pretty quickly

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scientists believe that our gravity

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receptors function differently which

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made us more sensitive to microgravity

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the exciting news is that we can develop

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from a polyp to an F IRA in space when

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they studied our cells they found most

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of us were completely normal

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oh I hear you you're saying hey what

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does this mean to me well the more

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scientists on earth understand how cells

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the basic unit of life develop the more

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they can learn about human bodies and

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their responses on earth and in space

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they'll also learn more about the human

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immune system and how it fights diseases

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they'll learn more about your body and

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the amazing things it can do just think

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we can learn all this from a little

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jellyfish it just goes to prove that

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science is like a puzzle it takes many

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pieces to finally get the big picture

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this mission was such a success NASA is

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already planning to send more jellyfish

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up in the future

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by bringing together more pieces of the

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puzzle perhaps one day more the

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mysteries of space will be revealed and